Essay on Abuse in Teen Relationships - 949 Words

Abuse in Teen relationships Violence and abuse in Teenage dating has become a real serious issue in American society, much research has been provided showing evidence that violence and abuse during adolescent and teen years can have a great deal of effects on the mental health of individuals and is major contributing factor to domestic violence later in adulthood. Current research also reveals that a large percentage of teenagers are experiencing some amounts of physical, sexual, and even emotional/mental abuse in their dating relationships. The significance in the number of individuals involved in these behaviors is really making a great deal of implications on the roles of counselors and specialists. However in order for counselors,†¦show more content†¦Research shows that some teens define abuse according to the intention and actual harm that is caused, in the same research individuals have reported that they take into consideration whether the act was a result of their partner joking around or a de monstration of their love. Various researches provide a range of percentage of teenagers involved in abusive relationships anywhere from 9- 57%, other surveys for example Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Survey say 9.4% of high school students report being hit, slapped, or physically hurt on purpose by their boyfriends or girlfriends in the 12 months prior to the survey. And the 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey say about 1 in 5 women and nearly 1 in 7 men who ever experienced rape, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner, first experienced some form of partner violence between 11 and 17 years of age. It’s believed by many people that dating violence happens to teens around their sophomore year, however recent research has shown that violent behavior typically begins between the ages of 12 and 18, and about 72% of eighth and ninth graders are dating. It is important to know that the severity of int imate partner violence is often greater in cases where the pattern of abuse is established during adolescence, and that early violence in these relationships can affectShow MoreRelatedTeen Relationship Abuse : A Major Problem899 Words   |  4 PagesTeen Relationship Abuse: A Major Problem in Todays Society? Teen relationship abuse affects many teens in the United States. Relationship abuse is a serious issue in todays society. There are many warning signs of relationship abuse. There are also many ways to prevent and end an abusive relationship. This paper will explain what teen relationship abuse is and things we can do to bring it to an end. What is teen relationship abuse? Teen relationship abuse is being in a relationship with a partnerRead MoreIs No Law For Teen Dating Violence?1357 Words   |  6 Pageseen violence has become a major problem in children today. Many teens are pressured with drugs and alcohol, but violence from your boyfriend/girlfriend is a growing problem for teens in the world today. There are many types of abuse, even more than there was 10 years ago. These types of abuse can be anywhere from physical abuse to digital abuse. Abuse, according to Business Dictionary means, â€Å"Physical force unlawfully exercised toward property and/or persons, causing or intending to cause damageRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Teenage Dating1512 Words   |  7 Pagesis their inability to maintain a relationship. Teenagers mostly, do not understand the necessity of sustaining a relationship over a period of time. Therefore, frequent break ups and arguments lead to attempts of suicide, teenage pregnancy, STD’s, teen violence, and substance abuse. This happens due to lack of experience and a broader understanding of what relationships are (Dasgupta, 2011). The problems of teen dating involving violence, sex, drug and alcohol abuse, and suicide are primarily causedRead MoreForms And Causes Of Teen Dating Violence1132 Words   |  5 Pages Forms and Causes of Teen Dating Violence Anya Colburn University of Nebraska — Kearney There are many things that teenagers end up going through, some good and some bad. One thing that some teenager unfortunately go through is dating violence. Dating violence is physical, emotional, psychologic, or sexual violence in a dating relationship. Throughout my paper I discuss some of the different reasons people may engage in dating violence, such as the media and bullying. I also discussRead MoreHigh School Dating : A Not So Cinderella Story1077 Words   |  5 Pagesdistraction of relationship drama causes teenagers to focus less on things like school. This in turn will cause their grades to suffer. Lower grades mean a smaller chance of getting accepted into colleges, or receiving scholarships. Another problem is the emotional impacts of an ugly breakup. Impacts are long lasting at any age, but especially so in high school. This is because students are still developing. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports that affected teens have a higher riskRead MoreDome stic Violence : The United States And Around The World Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesPart One Knowledge of domestic violence is becoming prevalent in the United States and around the world. Family violence, teen dating violence and intimate partner violence are being talked about openly more; they are also becoming known as abuse and not something that is just â€Å"ok† or â€Å"just how a person is†. Beliefs and laws are changing toward nonviolence as discussed in this report. There are several different types of domestic violence that affect people today. According to â€Å"justice.gov† (2014)Read MoreTeens Top Reasons for Taking Drugs Essay614 Words   |  3 PagesThe relationship between teens and drugs has been around for decades; however, this is not what you would call positive. Substance abusing (which is using drugs or alcohol in ways than can cause physical harm) is often associated with crime. But why do youths take drugs? Youth take drugs for the following reasons: social disorganization, peer pressure, family factors, emotional, or rational choice. Social disorganization deals with drug abuse to poverty and disorganized urban environment. Read MoreTeen Pregnancy1426 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Teen pregnancy is often unplanned and challenging for the future life of mother and child. The increase risk of health problems for both mother and baby occur during teen pregnancy. Teen pregnancy impacts adolescent development in all aspects: physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development. Negative consequences result from teen pregnancy include: low income, increased school dropout rates, lower educational levels, and increased rates of substance abuse (Garwood, Gerassi, ReidRead MoreThe Victims Of Teen Dating Violence And Substance Abuse796 Words   |  4 PagesSeveral studies identified a significant correlation among victims of teen dating violence and substance abuse. Those committing the act were more likely to be under the influence of drugs and alcohol, and victims show increasing signs of substance addiction to cope (Temple et al., 2013). Victims of teen dating violence can have increased problems associated with mental health, sexual risk behaviors, sexually trans mitted diseases, teen pregnancy, weight issues, and suicidal ideology (Maas, 2010). As aRead MoreTeen Dating Violence : Teenage Dating1655 Words   |  7 Pages Teen Dating Violence Dawn Brown, Verronica Flowers, Michelle Marcak, Lisa Sprouse Dr. Brinda Mckinney, Instructor Arkansas State University NRS 3333 Women s Health August 12, 2016 â€Æ' Teen Dating Violence In 2013, the National Youth Risk Behavior Survey reported that 21% of female and 10% of male high school students experienced some form of physical and/or sexual dating violence. It was also reported that youth who are victims of dating violence in high school are at greater risk of victimization

Graffiti Art Or A Crime Essay - 1285 Words

Is graffiti an art or a crime? There is much controversy that surrounds graffiti even though some people may feel graffiti is an act of vandalism. I feel that graffiti is one of the most interesting expressions of art. â€Å"Art is defined as the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination† (Lloyd 1) Graffiti is an art because it uses key elements of art. These elements include color, line and form. These elements are all included in both traditional art and graffiti. Graffiti artists all over are expressing their feelings through their artwork. It allows people who cannot express themselves through words to establish their various views for everyone to see whether their feelings are negative or positive. Graffiti conveys a message or a story through their artwork. It is a means to communicate with each other without the use of words. When most people think of graffiti, they imagine tags, or a stylized writing of a person s name. â€Å"While tags are p robably the most popular forms, graffiti art is much more than that† (Sanchez). Many people do not realize that graffiti is not limited to just a single surface on a two-dimensional plane. Street art can also be three dimensional objects. This could include transforming an everyday object and cleverly changing it into something completely different. Personally, this is one of the most interesting aspects of graffiti because there are no limitations to what it is and what it can be. Ever sinceShow MoreRelatedShould Graffiti Be Considered An Art?929 Words   |  4 Pageson a number of occasions but one that can always be argued is the question of can graffiti be considered an art. The definition of art is â€Å"something that is created with imagination and skill† (Webster dictionary). When people argue graffiti is just a crime done they do not look at the definition of art and how graffiti falls under the definition. Graffiti should not be considered a crime but a form of art. Graffiti can be found in various parts of the world and on anything that can be painted. ItRead MoreGraffiti is writing or drawings that have been scribbled, scratched, or sprayed illicitly on a wall800 Words   |  4 PagesGraffiti is writing or drawings that have been scribbled, scratched, or sprayed illicitly on a wall or other surface, often in a public place.Graffiti ranges from simple written words to larger wall paintings, and it has existed since ancient times, with examples going back to Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire. Graffiti is a worldwide situation that has a never ending debate to it, is it art or vandalism? To be honest I think graffiti is a form of art because it is a way to expressRead MoreHow Graffiti Has Changed Over Time1393 Words   |  6 PagesHow Graffiti has Changed over Time. Graffiti is the act of inscribing or drawing on walls for the purpose of communicating a message to the general public. The term comes from the Greek term Graphein, which means to write. Graffiti has been around since men first started drawing pictures in caves. However, the focus of this paper is not on pre-historic or amateur graffiti, but on the modern hip-hop graffiti movement that began in the late 1960 s. The graffiti hasRead MoreCrime Vs. Art : The Interminable Debate1150 Words   |  5 PagesCrime vs. Art: The Interminable Debate The issue of whether or not graffiti is appropriate for public spaces appears to never end. This is due to the fact that, usually, the rhetors involved do not reach stasis on all levels. There is typically a large gap in the debate stalling the conversation. Heather Mac Donald, Lu Olivero, â€Å"Graffiti†, Lady Pink, Gerald Witt, and Heidi Wigdahl throw themselves into the ring and add their own views on the matter. While these six authors agree on the fact thatRead MoreStreet Art: Crime or Art?1517 Words   |  7 Pagesis Street Art? Street art is arguably classed as Urban Art and also known as Contemporary Art. This form of Art represents the voice of the lower class in debate with the political class, they express themselves with sprays on plaster and endure A life spent scribbling in books scrambling over walls and fences, scrawling on any available surface. It is today accepted by designers and artists who also are influenced by these contemporary visualised forms, this form of contemporary art has changedRead MoreStreet Art : Street Artist1044 Words   |  5 Pagesare two ways of looking at a situation; you can focus on the bad or choose to see the good. Street art is a topic that falls under one of those situations. Many people associate street art with gangs, vandalism, violence, and other controversial topics. Being realistic, it is understandable why society may have this opinion of street art, but it also serves many other significant purposes. Street art can be used as a medium to voice political and social opinions of a community, and also spread awarenessRead MoreEssay about Graffiti is a Beautiful Crime1307 Words   |  6 PagesGraffiti is a Beautiful Crime Graffiti is a form of art that people use to express themselves and to convey various messages to people in a particular community. In the movie Graffiti Verite:. One of the graffiti artist explained that his purpose in doing graffiti is that it allows him to express his anger on the wall. Another kid by the name of Jipsie said that graffiti is a form of growth. There were several different explanations that artists shared as well as several different reasonsRead MoreGraffiti Vandalism Essay981 Words   |  4 Pagesnight armed with spray paint to leave their mark on the city. This form of vandalism, dubbed graffiti from the Italian graffito meaning to scratch (Abel). Though graffiti dates to ancient times it is still a large-scale problem across the world. Graffiti has a negative effect on the community in which it appears. This form of vandalism is not done to uplift or beautify the community, like murals or art instillations, but rather to fulfill the selfish desires of the artist . It is often an indicatorRead MoreModern White Collar Crime : A Modern Or Postmodern Crime1079 Words   |  5 Pagesmodern or postmodern crime. Modern white collar crime focuses primarily on agriculture, productive activity, hand-tool technology, and farming villages as a community or family unit. While, postmodern white collar crime deals with more advanced technology such as computers, virtual communities, television/computer link-ups, and telephone communication. Overall, those who seek a career in criminology must navigate terminology barriers such as what way they would apply the term crime. Additionally, theyRead MoreIn The Eyes Of The Beholder. Coming Of Age In The United1123 Words   |  5 Pagesan adult, under-age graffiti artists cannot purchase the medium needed for their creative work. Unlike other styles of art, graffiti denotes passionate emotional controversy. Ask anyone to describe graffiti and you are likely to hear anything from vandalized walls full of writings to beautiful commissioned murals. This paper will explore this intriguing creative expression, why it has such a negative stigma, and how or if it has evolved over the years. Webster defines graffiti as writing or painting

Contemporary Strategy Analysis Text and Cases Method

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Strategy Analysis for Text and Cases Method. Answer: Introduction The current paper considers understanding the concerns based on the contemporary accounting within the world of accounting. In the report, two Australian companies was selected those are listed within Australian Securities Exchange (ASX). This encompasses Wesfarmers Limited and Woolworth Limited and both of the companies are associated with the retail sector of the nation. The annual reports of the selected companies namely west farmers Limited and Woolworth Limited over the years from 2014 and 2015. This has been considered in order to perform and compare the financial positions of both the companies (Freeman et al. 2014). Additionally, the adherence to annual reports along with conceptual structure and the AASB standards have been discussed in this paper. In addition to that, several screenshots have also been presented describing the calculations and relevant concepts for increased understanding. In addition, several other aspects of the yearly report of the selected two companies have been taken into consideration that encompass prudence, statements of finance notes and differentiation among the companies considering disclosures of each organization. Financial Analysis In consideration to the detailed research, it can be stated that the Wesfarmers Limited Companys annual report abides by the AASB standards along with the conceptual structure. It is dependable in consideration to the approaches of the exposure draft of IASB (Grant 2016). The specific company complies with the year 2013 Exposure Draft and it is also included in the tax declarations of the company and is even mentioned within the report and the sector. For this reason, it is revealed that Wesfarmers considers invitation valuable gained after carrying out IASB initiatives specifically on the lease projects of the year 2012. In contrast, Horngren et al. (2013) revealed that Woolworth Limited Company is a firm that has an objective to attain several opportunities after the elaboration of the specified concern within the previous comment letter. It indicates the leases possession that relies on the planned routine of leases. This link considers the leases along with several fiscal substitutes, which is aligned with the actuality of the economy. It was revealed that the specific company abides by IAS 17 for identifying the leases those are employed for the accounting treatment. This is because it supports the organization to deal with the economic implications within extended term arrangements along with the service contracts. Conceptual Structure Analysis- Prudence in Business Treatment As per Li (2013) the prudence of the conceptual framework and the dependability that has an objective to deal with the disparities that is existent in the business reporting in a specific manner. In addition, it can be stated that such alternatives indicates such disparities these are observed only after the fair accountability and representation of the annual report declarations. For this reason, it has been revealed that the specific company encompasses several strategies that enhance the simplicity of the annual report declarations along with generating such declarations knowledge among the investors. Additionally, such disparities are revealed within the annual report declarations those are deemed as major concern for the accountability issue along with fair representation. This is because these are presented by means of IFRS consideration mentioned within the accounting standards of IASB and AASB (Parker 2012). Within the conceptual structure, both the prudence and the reliability concepts are taken into account in order to gain dependable fiscal data for the likely consumers and the investors of the Wesfarmers Limited Company. It can also be stated that such concepts facilitate in bringing in advancement among the likely consumers. This is majorly conducted through attaining the conclusions from the initial point in order to bringing out the conclusion from the administration. Therefore, the included prudence in the fiscal declarations of Woolworths Limited decides to present the fair representation of the fiscal information in consideration to the particular organization. Additionally, Quinn Jr (2014) indicated that such declaration offers fair view along with true value to the financial situation and operational aspects of two of the companies. This indicates that corporate reporting supports the governance of two of the companies. Assessment and Inequality among Annual Reports of Wesfarmers and Woolworths As per Carey et al. (2014) the Wesfarmers Limited Companys annual report for the year 2014, it can be stated that the specific company attained a revenue percentage of 6.1% other than the asset sales along with the amount of pre-tax earnings of Cole was deemed to be $ 167 billion. In contrast to that, the specific company is deemed the one among the largest supermarket that ranges from 4.5% and has an amount of $ 37.4 billion. Therefore, it signifies that the remuneration within the working place derives at 10.8 % rate that is close to a value of $ 103 million. For this reason, it was revealed that e revenue of Kmart is around 6.4% that serves as an amount of overall $ 366 million. In contrast, it has been stated that Woolworths Limited it generates 6.8% for the twelve months returns for over four years. After the comparison of both the companies, the rate has decreased by 23% for Woolworth Limited Company and was able to decrease the sufferers by less than 2% on annual basis. Disclosure Identification of Both Companies It is observed that the needs of the AASB and IASB standards are extremely reliant on the expenses of accounting. The highlighted companies focus on developing a disclosure in consideration to managerial recompense along with regarding the employee advantages. Moreover, it was revealed that the AASB standards prepare the list of those companies those are within ASX and facilitates in disclosing the employee compensation plan along with the employee benefits every year (Guide 2013). The improving conducts are majorly centered and such concerns the major aspects of the corporate governance for two of the companies. It was revealed that in several plans in consideration to Corporate Disclosure, the companys needs to represent the level of integrity along with for concerning the operations accountability for the businesses and their yearly accomplishment. Usually, the theoretical structure signifies the major parts of the annual reports. It is also seen that the financier usually employ the annual reports for gaining relevant information and knowledge in order to make any decision in consideration to the capital of the companies. Moreover, the business revelations consider the AASB and IASB standards into account for generating the tax declarations along with management disclosures. It was elaborated that in the IASB and AASB guidelines that the fiscal declarations supports and explains the companys annual reports starting from notes to accounts (Henderson et al. 2015). This offers the companys descriptions along with its financial situation in the marketplace. For this reason, it can be stated that the notes and the fiscal declarations focus on assisting the likely users in attempt for the upcoming evaluations. Remuneration Report In consideration to the annual report of the companies, both the companies namely Woolworths and Wesfarmers executive compensation offered with suitable share plans, incentives, and salaries along with payments of bonus. In addition, it can be stated that the company offers all such amounts to their employees with rewards within the financial period. Two of the companies have specific committee for remuneration that facilitates setting the compensation packages for its employees (Humphrey et al. 2014). Moreover, the corporate governance disclosures supports in compensating the employees for both the services and offer those are offered by the organizations. For this reason, the remuneration policies for the two organizations those are taken within the deliberation structure for the senior executives with the vital principles. The intentions of the major features those are associated within the companies in order to attain and retain the best person for efficiently performing within t he place of work and for generating the revenue for the upcoming years. These are the calculations for analyzing the inventories of Wesfarmers Limited and Woolworths Limited that have been conducted for 2014 and 2015. Considering the graph above, it can be observed that the inventories of Wesfarmers Limited Company boosted over the years 2014 and 2015. In contrast, the inventories of Woolworth Limited also boosted over the year from 2014 and 2015 (Kober et al. 2012). This is the reason for which, it is considered a vital factor for the two companies in effectively managing their current stocks for better production control and for dealing with the production shortages. Considering the evaluation above, it was gathered that accounts receivable of Wesfarmers Limited Companys reduced over the year from 2014 to 2015. In contrast, accounts receivable of Woolworths Limited Company reduced a bit from the year 2014 to 2015. For this reason, it can be stated that Woolworth Limited Companys accounts turnover remained constant over two years from 2014 to 2015 (Kober and Ng 2013). For this reason, the companies must have increased current ratio in order to address the short-term compulsions. Property, Plant and Equipment Calculation Based on Balance Sheet Considering the evaluation, it is stated that the companies namely Wesfarmers Limited and Woolworths limited signifies PPE intangibles to be negative. This indicates that the companies require acquiring assets that are more fixed in future. It is seen by observing the graph above and the calculations, that the liabilities of Wesfarmers Ltd boosted by 2015 and 2014 and equivalently it resulted in case of Woolworths Ltd. Considering this, it can be stated that both the companies experience high debt and require increasing their assets in order to develop effective financial situation. Wesfarmers Limited Company holds a lease for over fifteen years for choices and because of the same; its turnover in the year 2015 is observed to be $ 62.4 billion. In contrast to that, Woolworths Limited has a lease for over 12 years for the options that facilitates in accomplishing the future objectives of the company. Wesfarmers Limited Company considers selecting the incentives metrics for the taxation policies and Woolworths Limited Company desires to select redesigning the anticipated level of transparency for effectible future evaluation. In the Wesfarmers limited company, the prices of shares enhanced by 49% and amounted to $ 42.27 In the Woolworths Limited company, the price of share enhanced by 0.43% and amounted to $ 23.10. Conclusion It was gathered from the paper that both the organizations namely Woolworth Limited and Wesfarmers Limited must consider managing their inventory and must address their short-term business necessities. For this reason, both the companies must gather fixed assets for a particular year. The annual reports majorly consider the fiscal accounting reporting those are relied after taking into account the qualitative aspects of the fiscal declarations. Therefore, this paper has great focus on remuneration report, the basic pay, its concept and the incentives gained by the Executive Directors of the company. Additionally, this report identifies the significance of implementing the AASB standards within fiscal declarations in order to bring out the transparency along with the uniformity in the operational elements. Reference List Carey, P., Potter, B. and Tanewski, G., 2014. Application of the Reporting Entity Concept in Australia.Abacus,50(4), pp.460-489. Freeman, R.J., Shoulders, C.D., Allison, G.S., Smith Jr, G.R. and Becker, C.J., 2014. Governmental and nonprofit accounting: theory and practice.Jpaejournal Of Public Affairs Education Volume 20 Number 3, p.441. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Guide, P., 2013. Introduction to the Financial Framework.Financial Management. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013.Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Humphrey, C., ODwyer, B. and Unerman, J., 2014. The Rise of Integrated Reporting: Understanding Attempts to Institutionalize a New Reporting Framework.Centre for Social Environmental Accounting Research (CSEAR), St Andrews. Kober, R. and Ng, J., 2013. GAAP, GFS and AASB 1049: perceptions of public sector stakeholders.Accounting Finance,53(2), pp.471-496. Kober, R., Lee, J. and Ng, J., 2012. Conceptual framework issues: perspectives of Australian public sector stakeholders.Accounting and Business Research,42(5), pp.495-518. Li, J., 2013. Accounting conservatism and debt contracts: Efficient liquidation and covenant renegotiation.Contemporary Accounting Research,30(3), pp.1082-1098. Parker, R., 2012. Comparative international accounting.Financial Times, Prentice Hall. Quinn Jr, E., 2014. The Evolution of Accounting Theory in Response to Market Changes.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,4(10), p.509. Wesfarmers.com.au. 2016.Reports. [online] Available at: https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/investor-centre/company-performance-news/reports [Accessed 9 Aug. 2016]. Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2015.Reports - Woolworths Limited. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/page/Invest_In_Us/Reports/Reports [Accessed 9 Aug. 2016].

Title of the Paper Essays (738 words) - Demography,

Title of the Paper ( Immigration: Cultural or Intercultural Topic ) Submitted By ( Kadeejah Johnson, [emailprotected] ) Number and Name of Course (Oral Communication - COMM 101) Class Meeting Time/Day (M/W/F: 9:00 A.M. - 9:50 A . M. ) Professor (Dr. Ephraim Okoro) Semester (Fall 2016) Today's Date (Friday November 11 , 2016) Bowie State University Department of Communications Bowie, Maryland The most difficult and unruly topic in American politics is Immigration, and it leaves a lot of Americans in a huge divide on what their position is on the matter. Most politicians believe that there should be a tighter rein in the country as far as its possibility of having a border is concerned. Much of this issue stems from there being more Hispanic and other foreign groups coming to the U.S. without a proper entry process. The most significant way that each party decides on how to go about Immigration is very controversial and it leaves American citizens divided on whether to as now President Elect Donald Trump stated, "Build a wall around Mexico, and they're going to pay for it -the whole thing!". This is the opposite view of the GOP, while those on the Democratic side believe that there should remain open door policy; while yet going through a process to gain citizenship into this country. This is a clear-cut division on the issue, and many of Americans made their decisions on the issue very clear by electing Donald Trump as the next President of the United States. The biggest components of the immigration debate are how many legal immigrants to allow, and how to prevent illegal immigration. Many of these people believe the United States is the best place to go. There is more freedom, protection, and benefits, which are important issues with to immigrants. However, the large number of immigrants is affecting the native-born citizens of the United States. Taxpayers are forced to pay for the welfare and schooling for many of these immigrants, some of who are illegal aliens. Some citizens believe that immigration can be hazardous to the environment, by putting a strain on already diminishing natural resources. Others blame crime, poverty, and overpopulation on immigration. About sixty-eight million immigrants have been added to the United States since 1970, and it is estimated that 130 million people will be added over the next fifty years. The government has tried to somewhat restrict immigration but, many believe, the laws are still too lenient. Nearly every other advanced country in the world is moving quickly towards a stabilized population or has already achieved it. The United States is moving towards this very slowly. This country would have to reduce immigration to 255,000 a year to accomplish this task (Beck 1). If nothing is done to stabilize the immigration to in the U.S., many believe the population will continue to grow even faster - not due to births, but to massive the immigration to the country. Immigration could become an even more serious problem in the U.S. if the government does not produce stricter laws. The government must restrict immigration laws to prevent the overpopulation of the United States. Immigration has been affecting America's population for over two hundred years, this poses as a cultural issue because U.S. citizens have found that each culture is just too different and affecting one or the other. The best solution to this is to look at the underlining issue, which is that there will always be open borders until someone can properly negotiate and make it fair for others who want to become a U.S. I want you all to keep in mind that, everyone is equal, based on creed, color, gender, sexual orientation, etc. That's the only thing that makes the world a better place and that is to be better at what they want the vision of America to be. Not only will there be a more serious issue in the U.S. it will eventually be hard for those to get a long who don't agree with the system. Let us think about how and why we were bought here, and how we gained citizenship and rights, and think about how it can be an issue for

Butterfly Houses in the US

Butterfly Houses in the US Butterfly houses offer enthusiasts of all ages the opportunity to observe a variety of species in an indoor exhibit. Most butterfly houses mimic tropical environments​ and showcase tropical species from Asia, South America, Australia, and other warm, humid locations. A few butterfly houses listed here feature species native to North America. Usually, youll see some showy moths, such as luna moths or Atlas moths, perched on foliage as well.​ Before you visit a butterfly house, it might increase your enjoyment to learn a little about the lepidopteran, or butterfly, including tips for observing and photographing butterflies, the differences between butterflies and moths, and why butterflies drink from puddles, a behavior you will likely observe in a butterfly exhibit. Most butterfly houses have an area where you can see new adult butterflies emerge from their pupae, and some display larval food plants as well. Some butterfly houses listed here are seasonal, meaning they are open for only a part of the year. Be sure to call before you visit to be sure the butterflies are on display. This is a list of enclosed butterfly houses, not outdoor butterfly gardens. Alabama Huntsville Botanical Garden4747 Bob Wallace Ave.Huntsville, Alabama 35805(256)-830-4447 Seasonal. Call before you visit. California Natural History Museum of Los Angeles CountyButterfly Pavilion900 Exposition Blvd. Los Angeles, California 90007(213) 763-DINO Seasonal. Call before you visit. San Diego Zoo Safari ParkHidden Jungle15500 San Pasqual Valley RoadEscondido, California 92027(760) 747-8702 Seasonal. Call before you visit. Six Flags Discovery Kingdom1001 Fairgrounds DriveVallejo, California 94589(707) 643-6722 Year-round Colorado Butterfly Pavilion6252 W. 104th Ave.Westminster, CO 80020(303) 469-5441 Year-round Delaware Delaware Nature SocietyBarley Mill RoadHockessin, Delaware 19707(302) 239-2334 Seasonal. Call before you visit. District of Columbia Smithsonian National Museum of Natural HistoryButterfly Pavilion10th Street and Constitution Ave., NWWashington, D.C. 20560(202) 633-1000 Year-round National ZooPollinarium3001 Connecticut Ave., NWWashington, DC 20008(202) 633-4888 Year-round Florida Butterfly World3600 W. Sample RoadCoconut Creek, Florida 33073(954) 977-4400 Year-round Butterfly RainforestFlorida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaSW 34th Street and Hull RoadGainesville, Florida 32611(352) 846-2000 Year-round Key West Butterfly and Nature Conservatory1316 Duval St.Key West, Florida 33040(800) 839-4647 Year-round Panhandle Butterfly House8581 Navarre ParkwayNavarre, Florida 32566(850) 623-3868 Seasonal. Call before you visit. BioWorks Butterfly GardenMuseum of Science and Industry (MOSI)4801 E. Fowler Ave.Tampa, Florida 33617(800) 995-MOSI Year-round Georgia Callaway GardensCecil B. Day Butterfly Center5887 Georgia Highway 354Pine Mountain, Georgia 31822(800) CALLAWAY Seasonal. Call before you visit. Illinois Brookfield ZooChicago Zoological Society 8400 31st St.Brookfield, Illinois 60513(708) 688-8000 Seasonal. Call before you visit. Chicago Academy of SciencesThe Peggy Notebaert Nature MuseumJudy Istock Butterfly Haven2430 N. Cannon DriveChicago, Illinois 60614(773) 755-5100 Year-round Peck Farm Butterfly House4038 Kaneville RoadGeneva, Illinois 60134(630) 262-8244 Seasonal. Call before you visit. Iowa Reiman GardensIowa State University1407 University Blvd.Ames, Iowa 50011(515) 294-2710 Year-round Kansas Butterfly/Pansy House701 Amidon StWichita, Kansas 67203(316) 264-0448 Seasonal. Call before you visit. Louisiana Audubon InsectariumButterflies in Flight6500 Magazine St.New Orleans, Louisiana 70118(800) 774-7394 Year-round Maryland Brookside Gardens South ConservatoryWings of Fancy Butterfly Exhibit1500 Glenallan Ave.Wheaton, Maryland 20902(301) 962-1453 Seasonal. Call before you visit. Michigan Detroit ZooWoodward Avenue and 10 Mile Road (I-696)Royal Oak, Michigan 48067(248) 541-5717 Year-round Original Mackinac Island Butterfly HouseMcGulpin StreetMackinac Island, Michigan 49757(906) 847-3972 Seasonal. Call before you visit. Wings of MackinacSurrey Hills Carriage MuseumMackinac Island, Michigan 49757(906) 847-9464 Seasonal. Call before you visit. Dow Gardens1809 Eastman Ave.Midland, Michigan 48640(800) 362-4874 Seasonal. Call before you visit. Frederik Meijer Gardens Sculpture ParkLena Meijer Tropical Conservatory1000 E. Beltline, NEGrand Rapids, Michigan 49525(888) 957-1580 Seasonal. Call before you visit. Missouri Sophie M. Sachs Butterfly HouseFaust Park15193 Olive Blvd.Chesterfield, Missouri 63017(636) 530-0076​ Year-round New Jersey Camden Childrens Garden Philadelphia Eagles Four Season Butterfly House 3 Riverside DriveCamden, New Jersey 08103(856)-365-8733 Year-round Stony Brook Millstone Watershed AssociationKate Gorrie Butterfly House31 Titus Mill RoadPennington New Jersey 08534(609) 737-3735 Seasonal. Call before you visit. New York American Museum of Natural HistoryButterfly ConservatoryCentral Park West at 79th StreetNew York, New York 10024(212) 769-5100 Seasonal. Call before you visit. National Museum of PlayOne Manhattan SquareRochester, New York 14607(585) 263-2700 Year-round Sweetbriar Nature Center62 Eckernkamp DriveSmithtown, New York 11787(631) 949-6344 Seasonal. Call before you visit. North Carolina North Carolina Museum of Life Science433 Murray AveDurham, North Carolina 27704(919) 220-5429 Year-round North Carolina Museum of Natural SciencesLiving Conservatory 11 W. Jones St.Raleigh, North Carolina 27601(919) 733-7450 Year-round Ohio Krohn Conservatory1501 Eden Park DriveCincinnati, Ohio 45202(513) 421-4086 Seasonal. Call before you visit. Cox Arboretum Metro Park 6733 Springboro PikeDayton, Ohio 45449(937) 434-9005 Seasonal. Call before you visit. The Butterfly House Obee RoadWhitehouse, Ohio 43571(419) 877-2733 Seasonal. Call before you visit. Pennsylvania Academy of Natural SciencesDrexel University1900 Benjamin Franklin ParkwayPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania 19103(215) 299-1000 Year-round Hershey Gardens170 Hotel RoadHershey, Pennsylvania 17033(717) 534-3492 Seasonal. Call before you visit. Phipps ConservatoryOne Schenley ParkPittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213(412) 441-4442 Seasonal. Call before you visit. South Carolina Cypress Gardens3030 Cypress Gardens RoadMoncks Corner, South Carolina 29461(843) 553-0515 Year-round South Dakota Sertoma Butterfly House4320 Oxbow Ave.Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57106(605) 334-9466 Year-round Tennessee Tennessee AquariumOne Broad St.Chattanooga, Tennessee 37402(800) 262-0695 Year-round Texas Moody Gardens1 Hope Blvd.Galveston, Texas 77554(800) 582-4673 Year-round The Houston Museum of Natural ScienceCockrell Butterfly Center5555 Hermann Park DriveHouston, Texas 77030(713) 639-4629 Year-round San Antonio ZooCaterpillar Flight School3903 N. St. Marys St.San Antonio, Texas 78212(210) 734-7184 Seasonal. Call before you visit. Texas Discovery GardensRosine Smith Sammons Butterfly House Insectarium3601 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd.Gate 6 at Fair ParkDallas, Texas 75210(214) 428-7476 Year-round Wisconsin Beaver Creek ReserveS1 County Highway KFall Creek, Wisconsin 54742(715) 877-2212 Seasonal. Call before you visit.

Dragon ball z essays

Dragon ball z essays The characters that are drived from fiction and imagination consist of many different forms of character traits. They can have characteristics of courage, cleverness, strength, power, loyalty and other characteristics that make up him or her as a super hero, but the characteristics that he or she possesses will make him look masculine or feminine. The character I will be describing is Goku, a main character from a great cartoon Dragon Ball. Like Superman, he is from another planet sent by his father to Earth because his planet Vegita was destroyed. Goku is different from the people on Earth because he has extraordinary powers like Superman. He can fly, move mountains, run at a blitzing speed and has many other powers that puts him in a different class from the people on Earth. The characteristics that he embodies are undeniably a man's feature which he uses to save people's lives and use for the good of the people. The hero, Goku, is a seemingly invincible person with all the extraordinary traits required of a character of a male hero. He is able to use his super-human physical strength and courage to put his people before himself. He encounters hideous monsters and the most ferocious of beasts but he never fears the threat of death. His leadership skills are superb and he is even able to boast about all his achievements. He has little or no emotions that puts his work in the line of danger. His priority is always to save people and his friends. These characteristics of strength, courage, and loyalty are all characteristics that classifies him as masculine. ...

The Eight and the Ashcan School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

The Eight and the Ashcan School - Essay Example It is not only that commercial and residential boundaries of New York changed but perceptions and public views were undergoing rapid changes. It was a favorable milieu for the formation of popular culture. New York was growing in size, its population was diversifying. Many ethnic groups mixed together contributing to creation of new forms of artist expression, reflecting changing social relationships. The early 20th century witnessed a radical change in American painting. This was not a change in attitude toward painting but in attitude toward life. It was a journalist's revolution originating from Philadelphia. New York City with financial growth explosion, office work for women and the sweatshops for immigrants – all these conditions brought young newspaper illustrators to develop their careers as fine artists in New York getting away from the conservative, static art establishment of Philadelphia. The rapidly changing scenes of New York as it is were captured by artists who are better known as "the Eight": Robert Henri, Arthur B. Davies, Maurice Prendergast, Ernest Lawson, William Glackens, Everett Shinn, John Sloan, and George Luks. â€Å"These artists framed a contemporary realism that explored the drama, humor and exoticism of life in the turbulent metropolis.† â€Å"The Ashcan school† which united "the Eight" and a number of other artists took roots in Philadelphia under the leadership of Henri. In Philadelphia, Henri's rebellious nature made him "a catalyst, an enthusiast ...".

Reading Adam Smith in the 21st Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reading Adam Smith in the 21st Century - Essay Example Adam Smith was born in 1723 in a village called Kirkcaldy in Scotland. His family was influential; his father the elder Adam Smith held several important positions at the time of his death in 1723. At the age of fourteen Smith entered Glasgow College where his teachers included among other famous men, the great Frances Hutcheson. Smith was to discover and foster his talents and abilities in this college. John Rae (1895) in his biography of Smith titled The Life of Adam Smith stated that it was Hutcheson and later Hume who seem to have had the most influence on Smith. Hutcheson was an engaging and powerful speaker who animated Smith's mind. Hutcheson was one of a new breed of philosophers who were perceived to be radical in their thoughts and beliefs by the theological conservatives. In fact Rae credited Hutcheson with the development of Smith's ideas on natural liberty, the value of labor as the source of wealth etc. Soon after on a Snell scholarship Smith left for Oxford in 1740. In a strong contrast to Glasgow, the atmosphere at Oxford was lax and lackadaisical. Smith found that Oxford, being wealthy through endowments had become inept as a result. Lecturers had no incentive to perform and the students were pretty much left to themselves to learn on their own. However in the six years he spent there he kept himself busy mainly by reading the ancient Greek and Latin classics. After graduating, Smith went back to Scotland. In 1750 he was appointed Professor of Logic at Glasgow College and a short while later shifted to the Chair of Moral Philosophy. It was while he was Professor of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow College that he wrote The Theory of Moral Sentiments in 1759, the book that he himself considered to be his finest accomplishment. The Theory of Moral Sentiments grounds sympathy as the basis of social relationships and in the larger sense of society itself. The book is believed to share Smith's own belief in Stoicism as well as the influence of Hutcheson. The Theory of Moral Sentiments demonstrates that Stoicism was an important part of the mental make-up of Smith. Smith basically combined the stoic precept of self command with the Christian idea of benevolence. Much like the Stoics, Smith too prefigured the social bond among humans in terms of "sympathy" while the Stoic idea of world citizenship and self-command portend the role of Smith's impartial spectator (p.10). The Theory of Moral Sentiments tries to understand the function of moral behavior in society. Smith departed from Hutcheson and other philosophers in that tradition like Shaftesbury and Hume by defining motive as an essential element of moral behavior. Hutcheson had rejected that motive had anything to do with morality and instead claimed that man possessed a certain innate sense that propelled him to be moral. Smith makes motive an integral part of moral behavior arguing that people often look to the motives of a benefactor before bestowing their approval of a beneficent action. An act of kindness performed unknowingly without the motive to do good to anyone does not bring the same admiration and esteem that result when it is deemed that the action was performed with the knowledge that it would

The framing of the church settlement of 1559 Essay Example for Free

The framing of the church settlement of 1559 Essay Elizabeth faced numerous obstacles following her accession as Queen of England, but the main sector of concern was the religious aspect of society. England was at war against the France, as they sided with the Spanish, and also the Parliament was a key constituent of Elizabethan religious settlement. The Parliament was a hindrance to Elizabeth’s progress as many of the Parliament members were religious conservatives, which implied difficulty when presenting and passing the bill to the House of Commons. Presenting the bill to the House of Lords would prove toughest to Elizabeth and her ministers. It cannot be denied that her personal preference and her Counsel’s decisions respectively played a large role in making sure the bill was passed, although it must be acknowledged that she and her councilors had to compromise to achieve their main religious aims. Susan Doran believes that Queen Elizabeth had successfully fulfilled her goal in terms of religious settlement, while her councilors thought the general outcome fell short of her primary plans. The complicated international affairs that England was stuck in after Mary’s reign put Elizabeth in a troublesome position. As Edmund Grindal, Bishop of London, proposed, plans for religious settlement were heavily delayed to the desperate search for peace. Elizabeth had to deviate from her main plans for religious settlement has she had to be involved in he ongoing war against Spain, which England had entered in 1557, later into Mary’s reign. Furthermore, to make matters worse, she had to prevent any potential threat to the throne from Mary Stuart, who was in alliance with France. In order to prevent Catholic nations from turning against England and to avoid any large-scale domestic uprising amongst English Catholics, Elizabeth was keen on not infuriating Catholics. She pursued this plan by retaining certain aspects of the traditional Catholic Church. On the other hand, she still showed signs of Protestant settlement, as she had recalled her papal ambassador and had formed alliance with strongly Protestant German princes. The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 would emphasise on the link between Elizabethan religious settlement and England’s international affair. Even though, this would result in the loss of Calais, the borders neighbouring Scotland would be soothed and English settlement could be spread more quickly. In addition, retaining hope in Philip II to potentially marry Elizabeth in the nearer future would enable Philip II to make sure the Pope did not take any action against Elizabeth. Although, she does eventually get excommunicated, this is much later on in the reign where Philip II’s hopes have dried up. After international affairs were gradually settled through the peace treaty, it was her personal preference that played a key role in the religious settlement. It is crystal clear that Elizabeth desired a Protestant settlement but not a radical one. She rejected papal authority unsurprisingly and also denied the concept of transubstantiation, which caused tremors amongst the more conservatives of Elizabeth’s reign. Even with clear motives of Protestant settlement, she was still keen on sustaining certain traditional and conservative aspects of the Church. She was very fond of Catholic ornaments in the Royal Chapel and had Catholic musicians and choir in her presence. Even though she rejected the doctrine of transubstantiation, she still partially accepted the concept that there was some sort of presence in the communion bread and wine, which was a common though amongst Lutherans. Such personal preference were reflected directly in her proposal to Parliament as she wanted to reintroduce the 1552 Book of Common Prayer and break away from papal authority. However, the House of Lords did not allow the bill to be passed, which is why Elizabeth and her ministers had to take a different approach to religious settlement. Furthermore, Elizabeth’s counsel could be considered another large body to have influenced religious settlement. She had appointed members who had previously served Edward VI, which would imply an already-Protestant mindset. It is acknowledged that there were many members of her Privy Council who were strong Catholics for international affairs of not having Catholic states turn against England. However, as her appointment of Francis Knollys, earl of Bedford, and William Cecil, she was still keen on having the fundamental protestant foundation even within her councilors. For instance, William Cecil and Nicholas Bacon were key members of the Privy Council who were able to advise and guide the Queen before and during initial rejections and failures of passing the Bill. Such failures including Winchester and Shrewsbury voting against the Bill still emphasise the influence the members had on Elizabeth’s decision and the Bill itself. The last large consideration that influenced religious settlement was the Parliament itself. It had rejected the first bill proposed by Elizabeth until they made amendments for the final settlement. Elizabeth tried to discredit and Marian bishops before the amended bills were to be re-proposed to Parliament. Although Elizabeth was indeed able to hinder the Catholic bishop, there were key amendements made in the bill. For instance, Elizabeth was given the title â€Å"Supreme Governor† not â€Å"Supreme Head†. It is unclear whether or not this change in title name was for conservative reasons or to calm political stirs of a woman naming herself superior to laymen. However, it still ensured her to have as much authority as Henry VIII or her brother. Amendements in the Uniformity Bill targeted the concept of transubstantiation as people were not in favour of the complete denial and rejection of this doctrine. Therefore, priests modified the words used in the Uniformity Bill to create deliberate ambiguity. This would allow diverse interpretations to be made by peers allowing less opposition. Last, the â€Å"Ornaments Rubric† allowed traditional vestments and ornaments to be sustained in Church. It can be argued that the Catholics Bishops in the House of Lords had finally been given the upper hand; however, it must also be taken into consideration that this could simply have been part of Elizabeth’s personal preference as she was keen on keeping traditional ornaments in her Royal Chapel. In conclusion, the framing of the religious settlement of 1559 was based on numerous factors. The main influence on the settlement was her personal religious preferences such as the traditional ornaments and a not-so-radical Protestant movement. The international dilemma she was stuck in had indeed hindered her progress of Protestant settlement. However, as this tribulation cleared up, her council members could help her construct her bill to be passed. However, the Parliament’s involvement or influence must also be considered largely as it rejected the first Bill and allowed important amendments to be made.

The Healing Wound :: Vietnam Veterans War Memorial Essays

The Healing Wound It’s a beautiful morning at our nation’s capital. Constitution Gardens is blooming with life. Flowers of red, yellow, and pink bob their heads in the gentle summer breeze. Wise old trees proudly oversee the grassy lawns, while twittering birds scamper about on their strong, sturdy limbs. People talk animatedly as they stroll in small groups along the brown, dusty paths. Children run and jump, stopping occasionally to make quick poses for parents’ snapping cameras. As we walk ahead, we notice a shape taking form on the horizon. It looks like a large gray splinter embedded into the green landscape. As we come closer, we realize how truly large this object is, yet it does not rise up from the earth like other structures in the park. Rather, it sinks down into the lawn, as if its very size were a giant weight upon the land. Now that we are upon it, it looks far more like a gaping black wound than a silver sliver. Its opening begins narrowly and then widens in the middle, tapering off again at the other end. It is very dark, and now that we are close enough to touch it, we see that it is solid and black and hard and dense. The park breezes die here. Adults cease their prattle. Children stop their play. Eerily, even the chatter of birds doesn’t reach this solemn place. All senses tell us that we have entered a sacred site--a place meant for reflection and contemplation. We are at the Vietnam War Memorial. The tip of the gash points to President Lincoln sitting high above and looking out upon us all. In contrast to the giant statue of pristine white, the wall that rises by my foot is so dark that it reflects the ground in which it is burrowed. There are letters inscribed on the wall. They form names. I read: FLOYD LEE WILLIAMS JR. I wonder about Floyd. To most people who come here, his is merely one out of a myriad of names scratched into this cool granite wall. Does anyone know that Floyd was from Northglenn, Colorado, or that he was only 20 years old when he died? How can the thousands of people who see his name here know that he was in Vietnam for only 12 short days? His helicopter was shot down. His life was important, yet his death is only the tip of a great iceberg that chills the hearts of Americans everywhere. There are over 58,000 more names like his listed on these cold slabs. The sleek and stark feel of the memorial is enhanced by the The Healing Wound :: Vietnam Veterans War Memorial Essays The Healing Wound It’s a beautiful morning at our nation’s capital. Constitution Gardens is blooming with life. Flowers of red, yellow, and pink bob their heads in the gentle summer breeze. Wise old trees proudly oversee the grassy lawns, while twittering birds scamper about on their strong, sturdy limbs. People talk animatedly as they stroll in small groups along the brown, dusty paths. Children run and jump, stopping occasionally to make quick poses for parents’ snapping cameras. As we walk ahead, we notice a shape taking form on the horizon. It looks like a large gray splinter embedded into the green landscape. As we come closer, we realize how truly large this object is, yet it does not rise up from the earth like other structures in the park. Rather, it sinks down into the lawn, as if its very size were a giant weight upon the land. Now that we are upon it, it looks far more like a gaping black wound than a silver sliver. Its opening begins narrowly and then widens in the middle, tapering off again at the other end. It is very dark, and now that we are close enough to touch it, we see that it is solid and black and hard and dense. The park breezes die here. Adults cease their prattle. Children stop their play. Eerily, even the chatter of birds doesn’t reach this solemn place. All senses tell us that we have entered a sacred site--a place meant for reflection and contemplation. We are at the Vietnam War Memorial. The tip of the gash points to President Lincoln sitting high above and looking out upon us all. In contrast to the giant statue of pristine white, the wall that rises by my foot is so dark that it reflects the ground in which it is burrowed. There are letters inscribed on the wall. They form names. I read: FLOYD LEE WILLIAMS JR. I wonder about Floyd. To most people who come here, his is merely one out of a myriad of names scratched into this cool granite wall. Does anyone know that Floyd was from Northglenn, Colorado, or that he was only 20 years old when he died? How can the thousands of people who see his name here know that he was in Vietnam for only 12 short days? His helicopter was shot down. His life was important, yet his death is only the tip of a great iceberg that chills the hearts of Americans everywhere. There are over 58,000 more names like his listed on these cold slabs. The sleek and stark feel of the memorial is enhanced by the

My Critical Response to Secret History by: Leonora Sansay Essay

The novel â€Å"Secret History† by Leonora Sansay for readers it is a little complicated. It is mainly talking about a young lady that travels a lot with her sister. Her sister and her husband got divorced and she started writing some stories in the form of letters. The novel â€Å"Secret History† is showing us how bad the way of treatment was in Europe and the marriage at this time was a hard issue. The women were treated badly and people had a lot of problems because they used to get in a relationship and it was not allowed at this time, so this created more problems. Sansay in the novel is showing us on her writing the various sides of gender and marriages in a very nice way of writing. Sansay has her own way of writing that you see a little bit complicated but when you read till the end she gives readers the conclusion behind what she writes. In â€Å"Secret History† Sansay is showing us her personal experiences that she had with Mary and Clara her sister. She had a lot of problems with her husband and she has been always gloomy and unhappy. Mary writes letters to Burr and she is explaining about how her sister’s husband is bad with her and he treated her in a horrible way. She also wrote about the Haitian culture and how they live under the colonial law and their regulations. They had ethnic and culture problems and they faced a lot of fighting and brutality with the Haitian’s, but the female was so strong together. Sansay does not seem to like the British in this novel and she said that they are thieves and they robbed them unlike the Americans. In the horrors of St. Domingo, Sansay also showed us how the female under the Haitian revolution were oppressed especially when it comes to marriage. They had a lot of brutality at this time and there were always problems with the military and the people who lived there. The relationship with men and women were very complicated and it has to be under colonial powers. In some of Mary’s letters she said that by participating in the balls, this changed Clara’s condition and made her feel better, because she was depressed because of her marriage. The balls seem to be good for female and male to get to know each other more and break that oppression that females have under the colonial powers. In the novel, readers find out that the French people think that will only how they will look it will make certain of their triumph and they would win women’s hearts, and also conquering the Haitian powers. Clara also in having a relationship with Rochambeau and this shows how female/ male used to deal with each other at the time of the Haitian revolution and that Rochambeau is taking advantage of Clara at war time so that he can stop her from departing the island. This is an example of how women were abused under the Haitian rule and they were an example of its outcomes. Rochambeau always wants to overpower and defeat Clara, whenever she introduces herself as the wife of the French colonial, and this shows an example of the married people relations with each other. Mary and Clara decided to go to Cuba, they were always introduced to other women that have a lot of problems with their husbands and they were all looking for their freedom. At the end of the novel, readers see the difference of how the women used to be and how they started to have their freedoms back. There was no more danger and threatening from the black women to white women. â€Å"Secret History† is a great example of violence, and the difference between the time of the Haitian revolution and the time after it.

Family Planning Essay

In the past 50 years, family-planning programs have been heavily promoted across the developing world. A vast academic literature now tests both the intellectual rationale for these programs, as well as their impact on a wide range of demographic and economic outcomes. In recent years, the availability of new methods and new datasets from the developing world has intensified the academic research on these issues even though the support for family-programs themselves has diminished. This paper examines the economic and demographic literature on family planning programs and summarizes evidence of their impact on fertility as well as additional outcomes such as child mortality, investments in children’s human capital, the economic status of households and the macro-impacts on communities. The goal is to provide policy-makers with an understanding of the strengths, limitations and points of agreement that emerge from this vast literature. PRELIMINARY AND INCOMPLETE DRAFT 1. Introduction In the past 50 years, family planning (FP) programs have been heavily promoted across the developing world as a means to reduce fertility rates and promote economic development. The central assumption behind such programs is that the decline in birth rates during the early stages of demographic transition can promote economic growth, reduce environmental pressures, reduce dependency ratios and strengthen a societies’ ability to invest in health and education (Coale, Hoover, and Press 1958). At the micro-level, it has been assumed that a decline in fertility would relieve women of the burden of repeated child-bearing and free up opportunities for them to increase schooling and participate in the labor-force. A significant literature – shaped by economists and demographers – now tests these assumptions (Kelley and McGreevey 1994; Kelley 1995). Much of the literature however, remains either theoretical or focused on macro-correlations between variables such as fertility or population growth and indicators of development such as GDP growth or female education. The causal impact of declining fertility and/or the impacts of FP programs on fertility have proved to be difficult to find. One of the main challenges faced by researchers is that fertility decline is affected by a wide range of variables, including socioeconomic variables such as income, education (particularly female education) and female employment. Changes in these variables can affect the demand for FP, the structure of the programs, and their ultimate impact. There is also the issue of policy itself. FP programs are rarely rolled out randomly. Placement of programs in areas with distinct characteristics made it di fficult to identify the precise policy driver of any observed change in behavior. In recent years, the research has been enriched by the availability of new methods and new datasets from the developing world. This includes cross-sectional surveys such as the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), panel datasets such as the Family Life Surveys, and the use of random assignment evaluation methods that study causal relationships under careful scientific experimental structures. This paper examines this literature and summarizes evidence of the impact of FP programs on fertility as well as additional outcomes such as child mortality, investments in children’s human capital, the economic status of households and the macro-impacts on communities. We define an FP program as any organized effort to encourage couples to limit their family size, and space their births by using contraceptive information and services. This includes legislative, regulatory, and programmatic efforts to supply contraceptives to a population as well as efforts to reduce the demand for children and/or increase the demand for contraception through information and/or social marketing campaigns. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 provides a brief history of FP programs in the post WWII era and argues that FP programs have declined in priority after the ICPD conference in Cairo in  1994. Sections 3 and 4 provide an overview of two strands of the literature on FP programs: non-experimental studies that use cross-sectional or panel data to evaluate large-scale FP programs in states, countries or regions; and experimental studies that analyze random or pseudo-random pilot projects. Section 5 examines the literature on the cost-effectiveness of FP programs. Section 6 provides some perspectives that are likely to interest policy-makers. PRELIMINARY AND INCOMPLETE DRAFT 2. Family planning programs: A short history Family planning (FP) programs emerged after World War II. The world’s first major program was established in India in 1951 and was soon after followed by Pakistan, the Republic of Korea, and China. By 1975, about 74 developing countries had established them (Seltzer 2002; Cleland et al. 2006). Most programs fall into three general groups: (a) those that specifically aimed to curtail population growth through explicit policies such as promoting contraception and/or establishing incentives to have fewer children; (b) those that did not aim to curtail population growth, but promoted FP for other purposes; and (c) those with no explicit population policies but allowed outside donors to run programs that were mostly small in scale (Nortman and Hofstatter 1980; Nortman 1985). The first group was dominated by Asian countries, mainly East Asia and some South Asian countries (Mauldin, Berelson, and Sykes 1978; Lapham and Mauldin 1985; Mauldin and Ross 1991)1. In China and Vietnam for e xample, the governments formally announced in the early 1960s that couples should have no more than two or three children and began a wide-range of interventions that either directly or indirectly contributed towards this goal. Many governments provided citizens with incentives to meet these targets. In China, couples with more than two children (or one child in some parts of China) were subjected to fines and penalties, though the enforcement of this program varies significantly (Short and Fengying 1998; Attane 2002). Permanent methods of contraception (mainly sterilization) were often provided for free.2 In Korea, Indonesia and Thailand, FP programs focused heavily on the expansion of usage of IUDs and other temporary methods in addition to permanent  methods. In South Asia, the programs were less strong than in East Asia but large in scope. India for example, established a vast network of clinics that were to provide contraceptive services. In the 1960s, this was followed by a public health–based outreach program which emphasized education and awareness particularly in rural areas (Harkavy and Roy 1997). A common feature of almost all programs in this group was that they were generally led, funded and managed by domestic governments, and involved a broad range of mini stries and mass organizations that focus on educating, promoting, and encouraging couples to use FP methods. Another common feature of programs in this group is that they were typically one component of broader development policies that aimed to increase access to health-care, education and industrialization. These authors have developed quantitative measures of family planning program strength, or â€Å"effort† that are based on the number and quality of institutions that are involved with family planning programs. The measures of effort came from the belief that strong family planning programs must possess some essential features: (a) It should offer a full range of contraceptive methods and deliver them through several delivery systems, particularly in rural areas; (b) It should have a corps of full-time fieldworkers and educated the public about contraception; (c) Prominent leaders should issue frequent statements favoring the use of contraceptives; (d) The program should have a full-time director, placed well up in the government structure, and various ministries and private agencies should provide technical, logistical and financial assistance. More will be said about these criteria, and the studies that support them later in this paper. In Vietnam, Bryant (1998: 246) writes that right before fertility declined, thousands of health workers were given basic training and sent to villages to promote use of mosquito nets, distribute locally made drugs, deliver babies, administer vaccinations, and carry out other standard primary health care functions. PRELIMINARY AND INCOMPLETE DRAFT The second group of countries was dominated by Latin America.3 Until about 1960, governments in this region remained strongly pro-natalist in their ideals (Mundigo 1996). This changed due to a concern about the high incidence of unsafe abortions in the mid-1960s. Abortions performed in unsanitary conditions by unqualified personnel were believed to contribute to maternal mortality and also resulted in large public expenditures as women with abortion-related complications sought care en masse from public hospitals (Mundigo 1996). To minimize disagreement with the Catholic Church however, FP programs in Latin America began as small private initiatives that were largely funded by international donors and NGOs. In most countries, particularly Brazil and Peru, these programs were ultimately incorporated into national public health programs. By the 1980s, countries in this group generally had broader goals than simply reducing fertility and/or the practice of unsafe abortion. They generall y aimed at improving maternal and child health through greater birth spacing, access to pre- and post-natal care. Some Asian programs also fall into this category. Bangladesh is particularly noteworthy. Its national program, launched in 1976, aimed to provide women with a wide a range of contraceptive methods through home-visits by a network of locally recruited female-health care workers. Sterilization was included in the package of options and in the first few years of the program, compensation was offered to those who chose the procedure (Cleland and Mauldin 1991). Yet the program remained largely voluntary and focused on maternal and child-health more broadly. A similar effort is seen in Iran, which launched its program in 1989. Free contraceptives were distributed through a network of village health workers, who also advised women on a broad range of maternal and child health issues. The third group of countries was almost entirely dominated by Sub-Saharan Africa. Some countries did establish programs early on. Kenya and Ghana for example, established FP programs in the late 1960s. Tanzania established a FP program in 1970. Senegal established an urban FP program in 1976 and a rural program in 1979. Much of Francophone Africa however, remained largely untouched by the wave of interest in FP programs throughout this period. A 1920 French law that banned advertising and distribution of contraceptives  continued to prevail. Across most of Africa, issues of population growth remained sensitive and highly politicized throughout the post-war period. Nigeria for example, adopted a national population council to study the issue of population growth but did not adopt any national policies to lower fertility (Caldwell and Caldwell, 1983). This was at least in part because census data that formed the basis of such decisions was regarded as too controversial. The results of the 1962 and 1973 census were actually nullified due to dispute and controversy over accuracy of the size of minority groups. Even when they were adopted, African FP programs differed significantly from their counterparts in other countries in several key ways. First, the focus was almost entirely on temporary methods, since permanent methods were regarded as culturally unacceptable (J. C Caldwell and P. Caldwell 1987; J. C Caldwell and P. Caldwell 1988). The establishment of robust supply chains for temporary contraceptives Only five Latin American countries fell in the first group – Mexico, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador and Guatemala. Mexico is the largest among these. In 1974, access to family planning was declared as a constitutional right for all couples. In 1977, a national coordinating body was establish to expand the supply of contraception and a demographic target of population growth of no more than 2.5 percent per year by 1982 was declared. A wide variety of methods, including oral contraceptives as well as permanent sterilizations, were offered and the contraceptive prevalence rate doubled within a span of less than five years (Rodriguez-Barocio et al., 1980). PRELIMINARY AND INCOMPLETE DRAFT however, proved to be very challenging in the African context. The health-care infrastructure in this region was weak and burdened with a high demand for curative services. Moreover, most rural women resided far away from clinics or health centers (Caldwell and Caldwell 1992). Stringent eligibility criteria also made it difficult to reach women. In many cases, a woman’s access to contraception required the written consent of husband,  proof of marital status or age, blood tests (for oral contraceptives), frequent follow-up visits, and non-evidence based requirements that she be menstruating at the time that she starts using certain methods such as IUDs or hormone-based systems (Campbell et al., 1996). Cultural preferences for high fertility often made women unwilling to be seen attending these clinics. Moreover, since consumers did not receive adequate information about contraceptives, side-effects were often misinterpreted and rumors were propagated. These factors combined to cause discouragement and discontinuation in the long-run (Campbell et al., 1996). Across Asia and Latin America, the spread of primary healthcare services, rapid increases in female schooling, the processes of socio-economic development and the use of marketing campaigns to promote awareness of FP programs may have alleviated some of these problems. A second distinctive feature of African programs is that they were supported by a large number of international donors who rarely coordinated their actions with national governments or even between themselves. Since the weakness of domestic health infrastructure ruled out the establishment of â€Å"vertical† programs that packaged FP with primary health services, donors preferred to fund standalone programs that they could establish, manage and monitor themselves (Seltzer, 2002; Robinson and Ross, 2007; Mayhew, Walt, Lush and Cleland, 2005). The programs thus often remained small-scale. The goals used to evaluate the programs were often short-term in keeping with the demands of short budgetcycles. This approach stands in stark contrast to Asian and Latin American programs that were typically run by Ministries of Health and were backed by long-term budget commitments. Donor retreat International interest in FP programs lost momentum in the early 1980s. The intellectual shift behind this is often referred to as â€Å"revisionist thinking† and refers to a retreat from Malthusian fears about the crippling effect of population growth on economic growth as well as the concern with the adequacy of supplies of food and natural resources (Kelley 1995; Kelley 2001). A wide range of factors fueled revisionist thought: the rapid pace of fertility decline in Asia, the success of the green revolution, the lack of convincing academic evidence for a negative relationship between population growth and economic growth, etc. Economists emphasized that the long-run impact of population growth in economic development may not necessarily be negative. On the contrary, investments in human capital and innovation in growing populations can even have positive effects on growth and development outcomes (Simon and Lincoln 1977; Boserup 1981). Critics of FP programs used this literature to make the case that many FP programs in the developing world had been conceptualized and implemented with a false sense of urgency after World War II, without sufficient internal debate, deliberation and consensus (Kelley 1995; Kelley 2001). Revisionist intellectual thought was also reinforced by the voices of NGOs in international policy. These groups highlighted examples of FP programs that had not gone well in parts of China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru, etc (for a summary, see Seltzer, 2002: 62—70). In India for example, the controversial PRELIMINARY AND INCOMPLETE DRAFT HITTS model (Health Department operated, incentive-based, target-oriented, time-bound, and sterilization-focused) was so unpopular that it contributed to the collapse of the Indian government in 1977 and prompted India to launch a significant critique of FP programs in international policy circles (Harkavay and Roy, 2007).4 Feminists argued that women in particular, paid a high price for population policies, for they had often been viewed as passive â€Å"targets† who needed to become â€Å"acceptors† of contraception (Dixon-Mueller, 1993). They demanded that policies recognize women as key agents in the process of reproduction and must empower them – through education, information and access to health services (that include but are not limited to FP) – to have establish control over their bodies. The impact of the rights-based approach was visible at the Vienna Conference on Human Rights in 1993 where there was an explicit recognition of the importance of reproductive rights and the need for national and international development policies to be built around these rights. The biggest shift however, occurred in Cairo at the International Conference on Population and Development in 1994. The definition of reproductive rights was took center-stage and included not only issues of reproductive decision-making,  but sexual health and female empowerment more generally.6 Delegates explicitly called for dropping demographic and FP program targets in favor of a broader policy agenda that included a range of reproductive and sexual health measures. FP thus became embedded into a broader set of policy-goals. In the words of the UNFPA, â€Å"[The ICPD Programme of Action] places human rights and well-being explicitly at the centre of all population and sustainable development activities. The Programme of Action moves discussion beyond population numbers and demographic targets: its premise is that development objectives — including early stabilization of population growth — can be achieved only by basing policies and programmes on the human rights, the needs and aspirations of individual women and men. Human-centred development -in the sense of investing in people generally, and particularly in health, education and building equity and equality between the sexes — is seen as a firm basis for sustained economic growth and sustainable development (UNFPA, 1995:9).† The representatives of 179 governments agreed on the need to ensure universal access to reproductive health services by the year 2015. These governments also agreed to increase spending on population According to Harkavy and Roy (2007), the government’s Department of Family Planning estimated that more than 20 million births were averted between 1956 and 1975. Calculations based on the number of births averted concluded that the annual birthrate fell from about 42 live births per 1,000 population in 1960–61 to about 38 in 1970–71 and about 35 in 1974–75. The critique of FP programs also came from health advocates who argued that despite the strides made in the safety of technologies such as oral pills and injectibles, safety issues remain. They did not agree that the benefits of choice outweighed the risks and argued that contraceptive safety needed greater attention (Seltzer, 2002). Other health advocates argued that FP had absorbed far too much policy attention and development assistance, neglecting other critically important issues. This includes the right not to be alienated from their sexual or reproductive capacity and bodily integrity through coerced sex or marriage, denial of access to birth control, sterilization without informed consent, freedom from unsafe contraceptive methods, from unwanted pregnancies or coerced child bearing, from unwanted medical attention. PRELIMINARY AND INCOMPLETE DRAFT  and related programs. The needed resources were estimated at $17 billion a year by 2000, climbing to nearly $22 billion by 2015.7 This agenda was however met with resistance by several groups. First, there were those who challenged the coupling of a gender ideology with issues of reproductive health. In Jordan for examples, elites felt that the proposals regarding reproductive health were acceptable, but proposals that aimed to reduce gender-based violence, deliver sex-education to adolescents, spread information about STIs and the promote gender equality conflicted with existing cultural norms and could not be implemented quickly (Luke and Watkins, 2002; Seltzer, 2002). A second challenge to the Cairo agenda came from religious groups felt that the expanded definitions of reproductive health and reproductive choice tacitly included abortion and more controversial methods of fertility reduction. Even though the Cairo agenda was carefully worded to not support abortion in any circumstances, many people believed that the two issues were too deeply related to be separated in practice (Seltzer, 2002).8 In 2001, with support from the Vatican, the United States publicly opposed abortion, once again implemented the â€Å"gag rule† and thereby withdrew association with all organizations that offer women abortion services as a part of their general effort to expand reproductive choices for women.9,10 A final challenge came from the sheer breadth and language of the agenda itself. Some have argued that the focus on sexual health and reproductive rights was so broad that it simply failed to gain traction in parliaments  and chambers of government across the developed world (Glasier et al. 2006; Fathalla et al. 2006). While Cairo advocates emphasized the importance of rights, donors were most interested in arguments that demonstrate a clear economic return on investment (Fathalla et al. 2006). The loss of focus also led to a fragmentation of academic and policy research. Many turned their attention to new competing priorities, such as HIV (Glasier et al. 2006; Fathalla et al. 2006, Blanc and Tsui, 2005). A visible sign of just how divisive the Cairo agenda was comes from the UN’s Millennium Development Goals, agreed to by nearly all nations in 2000. The only goals that were related to reproductive health were the reductions in maternal and child mortality. Reproductive choices and reproductive rights were completely sidelined. In fact, the Cairo goal of universal access to reproductive health services was possibly the only goal that had been agreed to through a series of global conferences that did not make the final list of eight Millennium Development Goals (United Nations, 2000). In 2007, these goals were modified to include â€Å"universal access to reproductive health† by 2015. Progress was to be measured by  www.unfpa.org The Program of Action stated that â€Å"in no case should abortion be promoted as a method of family planning,† and elsewhere that â€Å"in [such] circumstances in which abortion is not against the law, such abortion should be [made] safe.† This was intended to be a compromise between those who opposed abortion on all grounds and those governments and NGOs who permitted abortion in varying degrees. 9 This was one of President George W. Bush’s first acts in office in January, 2001. 10 A cap of $15 million was placed for foreign NGOs and multilateral organizations who could not certify that they will not support any abortion-related activities, even if they use their own funds for these activities four indicators: the contraceptive prevalence rate, the adolescent birth rate, antenatal care coverage, and the unmet need for FP (United Nations 2007; UNFPA 2011)  Another sign of the damage from Cairo is seen in the international HIV policies. In the late 1990s, policymakers in the United States and indeed much of the world, were compelled to focus on the challenge of HIV. Rather than building services into FP programs however, donors chose to establish entirely new programs. One of the biggest examples is the establishment of President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) under US President George W. Bush in 2003. This was one of the largest efforts in history to address the challenge of one disease. The only relationship between this program and FP was i ts attempt to encourage abstinence as a form of prevention of HIV.11 Some have argued that the focus on HIV and AIDS simply replaced the Cairo agenda, when they should have in fact simply reinforced and complemented it (Blanc and A. O Tsui 2005). In summary, the global interest in FP programs has swung from extreme interest after World War II to disinterest at the turn of the century. The weakness of such programs is most pronounced in SubSaharan Africa. The rate of contraceptive prevalence remains only 26%, less than half of the world average, despite significant investments in treating sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV (WDI 2010). At the current time however, there appears to be a renewed interest in the role of FP, particularly in approaches that are broad-based, female-focused, voluntary and respectful of basic human rights. In the section ahead, we review the literature on the effectiveness and impact of FP programs with the goal of demonstrating that such programs can have impact on not just fertility but a variety of other aspects of women’s well-being. 3. What do we know about the impact of FP programs? Perspectives from the non-experimental approach FP programs in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s were mostly established in the  absence of scientific evidence or agreement about program â€Å"best-practices†. This is mainly because detailed time-series data on economic as well as demographic variables was scarce at both the micro- and macro-level. Over time however, data was gathered and researchers began to test some of the fundamental assumptions underlying FP programs. The first wave of studies used a non-experimental approach, i.e. they evaluated the impact of FP programs involving using cross-sectional or panel data from a country, region, or set of regions to test the hypothesis that FP programs impacted contraceptive use or fertility. As more data became available, and FP programs were rolled out, these studies were updated and expanded. The research continues to evolve today, even though the interest in FP programs has declined among policy-makers. Most of the research in this area faces two key challenges. The first is the challenge of measurement. Given that FP programs are heterogeneous in goals, quality of services, delivery systems and implementation strategies, researchers must construct a measure of program strength and not rely 11 The following conditions were imposed in the United States Leadership against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003: 20% of funds were to be spent on prevention, 15% to be spent on palliative care, and starting in 2006, at least 55% were to be spent on treatment, at least 10% be spent on orphans and vulnerable children, and at least 33% of appropriated prevention funds be spent on abstinence-until-marriage programs. REFERENCES Amin, S. 1995. Socioeconomic change and the demand for children in rural Bangladesh. Population Council, Research Division. Angeles, G., Jason Dietrich, David Guilkey, Dominic Mancini, Thomas Mroz, Amy Tsui, and Feng Yu Zhang. 2001. A Meta-analysis of the Impact of Family Planning Programs on Fertility Preferences, Contraceptive Method Choice and Fertility. Measure Evaluation Project. Carolina Population Center. Attane, I. 2002. China’s family planning policy: An overview of its past and future. Studies in Family Planning 33, no. 1: 103–113. Bauman, K. E. 1997. The effectiveness of family planning programs evaluated with true experimental designs. American journal of public health 87, no. 4: 666. Becker, G. S, and H. G Lewis. 1973. On the Interaction between the Quantity and Quality of Children. The Journal of Political Economy 81, no. 2: 279–288. Bertrand, J. T, M. E McBride, N. Mangani, N. C Baughman, and M. Kinuani. 1993. Community-based distribution of contraceptives in Zaire. International Family Planning Perspectives: 84–91. Binka, F. N, A. Nazzar, and J. F Phillips. 1995. The Navrongo community health and family planning project. Studies in Family Planning 26, no. 3: 121–139. Birdsall, N., and D. T Jamison. 1983. Income and other factors influencing fertility in China. Population and Development Review 9, no. 4: 651–675. Blanc, A. K, and A. O Tsui. 2005. The dilemma of past success: Insiders’ views on the future of the international family planning movement. Studies in Family Planning 36, no. 4: 263–276. Bongaarts, J. 1987. Does family planning reduce infant mortality rates? Population and Development Review 13, no. 2: 323–334. ———. 1994. The impact of population policies: Comment. Population and Development Review 20, no. 3: 616–620. Bongaarts, J., T. Bà ¼ttner, G. Heilig, and F. Pelletier. 2008. Has the HIV epidemic peaked? Population and Development Review 34, no. 2: 199–224. Bongaarts, J., and S. Greenhalgh. 1985. An alternative to the one-child policy in China. Population and Development Review 11, no. 4: 585–617. Bongaarts, J., W. P Mauldin, and J. F Phillips. 1990. The demographic impact of family planning programs. Studies in Family Planning 21, no. 6: 299–310. Boserup, E. 1981. Population and technological change: A study of long-term trends. University of Chicago Press. Caldwell, J. C, and P. Caldwell. 1987. The cultural context of high fertility in sub-Saharan Africa. Population and development review 13, no. 3: 409–437. ———. 1988. Is the Asian family planning program model suited to Africa? Studies in Family Planning 19, no. 1: 19–28. Caldwell, J. C, Barkat-e Khuda, Bruce Caldwell, Indrani Pieris, and Pat Caldwell. 1999. The Bangladesh fertility decline: an interpretation. Population and Development Review 25, no. 1: 67–84. Chowdhury, M. E, R. Botlero, M. Koblinsky, S. K Saha, G. Dieltiens, and C. Ronsmans. 2007. Determinants of reduction in maternal

Library Scavenger Hunt Example

Library Scavenger Hunt Example Library Scavenger Hunt – Coursework Example Library Scavenger Hunt Reliable Research versus Opinion Reliable research refers to a process of research that involves facts and figures for developing an understanding towards a particular issue. This refers to well interpreted development of factors that are associated with the needs of managing the diverse attributes that supports decision making. On the other hand, opinion refers to providing response towards a specific attribute even without developing any particular research on the underlined factors (Soule, Whiteley & McIntosh, 2007). Evaluate If Research Has a Solid Foundation and Is TrustworthyThe evaluation of different attributes and aspects must be researched for developing overall needs of the research and enhance the reliability of the problems. In this regard it is evident that the overall needs could be identifiable for enhancing the diverse attributes and meet the trustworthiness of research in terms of available evidences (Soule et al., 2007). Practices Needed To A djusted While Writing in Word It is evident that every scholarly article writer has a motive to develop a diverse genre that is identifiable among the masses. This helps the scholarly article writers to develop the prominence within complicated domain and enhance effectiveness. While writing in printed word one must make sure that the words they use are unique and do not replicate the work that has been conducted by others. This must be noted that the work they plan to provide the readers is more creative and developed. The chances of typographical error should be less and must be focused on developing the prominence of the views (Soule et al., 2007).Scholarly Journals The three scholarly journal that has been selected in the specific filed of my study i.e. Education Technology are as follows:Reeves, T. C., Herrington, J., & Oliver, R. (2005). Design research: A socially responsible approach to instructional technology research in higher education. Journal of Computing in Higher Edu cation, 16(2), 97-116.The paper is one of the scholarly journals that has been reviewed by some of the scholarly practitioners and was sponsored by Springer which is one of the most renowned publishers who are responsible for publishing peer reviewed journals.Herschbach, D. R. (1995). Technology as knowledge: Implications for instruction. Journal of Technology Education, 7(1), 31-42.The journal is a peer reviewed journal that is published by one of the renowned publishers who are into publishing scholarly journals. The rich source of the paper provides a detailed insight towards the different approaches that are associated with Virginia Tech that is related with the leading universities of the globe.Luppicini, R. (2005). A systems definition of educational technology in society. Educational Technology & Society, 8 (3), 103-109.The Educational Technology & Society is an official site that has a wide array of peer reviewed journals and sponsors the people who are into the writing and publishing of the peer reviewed journals. It can be further noted that the paper reflects creative approaches and provides a detailed understanding of the issue that is prominent within the social domain. ReferencesHerschbach, D. R. (1995). Technology as knowledge: Implications for instruction. Journal of Technology Education, 7(1), 31-42.Luppicini, R. (2005). A systems definition of educational technology in society. Educational Technology & Society, 8 (3), 103-109.Reeves, T. C., Herrington, J., & Oliver, R. (2005). Design research: A socially responsible approach to instructional technology research in higher education. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 16(2), 97-116.Soule, D. P. J., Whiteley, L., & McIntosh, S. (2007). Writing for scholarly journals. eSharp, 1-51.

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SCHIZOPHRENIA1 essays Schizophrenia, from the Greek word meaning split mind, is a mental disorder that causes complete fragmentation in the processes of the mind. Contrary to common belief, schizophrenia does not refer to a person with a split personality or multiple personalities, but rather to a condition which affects the persons movement, language, and thinking skills. The question of whether schizophrenia is a disease or collection of socially learned actions is still a question in people mind. People who are suffering from schizophrenia think and act in their own the world and put themselves in a way that is totally different from the rest of society. In other words, they have lost in touch with the reality. Most schizophrenics accept the fact that they have this disorder and are willing to receive necessary treatment and listen to, if not follow, professional advice. However there are cases where patients have lost insight and do not acknowledge the fact that they suffer from a mental disorder. As a result, these people do not have the treatment normally patients with schizophrenia do. To observers, schizophrenia may seem like a disease or madness because people who have this disorder behave differently to the people that are considered normal. It impairs a person from doing work, going to school, taking care of his/herself or having a social relationship with others. Yet, by looking at some of the symptoms, it is sometimes hard to classify schizophrenia as a disease because it enables those inflicted with it to develop new ways of communication intellectually and creatively, as well as enhancing artistic abilities. A disease is usually some kind of sickness that will lead to death or under heavy medication. However, this is not the case. For now, there is no cure but only treatment to help people with schizophrenia to live more productive lives. Generally, schizophrenia carries enormous threats to ...